Long-circulating nanoparticles as passive targeting nanocarriers for the treatment of thrombosis.

Thrombosis is the major cause of cardiovascular diseases. Only a small subset of patients could benefit from thrombolytic therapy due to the high bleeding risk brought about by the repeated administration of thrombolytic drugs. Nanoparticles with targeting ligands have been developed as nanocarriers of thrombolytic drugs to deliver the drug to the thrombus through active targeting. However, the passive targeting effect of nanoparticles on the thrombus is yet to be investigated. Herein, we prepared silica cross-linked micelles (SCLMs) with a long blood circulation half-life as drug carriers to target the thrombus through passive targeting. Compared with SCLMs modified with an active targeting ligand cRGD, the SCLMs exhibited similar targeting behavior to the thrombus in vivo. Loaded with the thrombolytic drug tirofiban, the passive targeting SCLMs showed a comparable therapeutic effect to cRGD-modified SCLMs in a mice model with pulmonary embolism and arterial thrombosis.

Interfacial self-healing polymer electrolytes for Long-Cycle silicon anodes in High-Performance solid-state lithium batteries.

For all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries (ASSLIBs), silicon (Si) stands out as an appealing anodes material due to its high energy density and improved safety compared to lithium metal. However, the substantial volume changes during cycling result in poor solid-state physical contact and electrolyte-electrode interface issues, leading to unsatisfactory electrochemical performance. In this study, we employed in-situ polymerization to construct an integrated Si anodes/self-healing polymer electrolyte for ASSLIBs. The polymer chain reorganization stems from numerous dynamic bonds in the constructed self-healing dynamic supermolecular elastomer electrolyte (SHDSE) molecular structure. Notably, SHDSE also serves as a Si anodes binder with enhanced adhesive capability. As a result, the well-structured Li|SHDSE|Si-SHDSE cell generates subtle electrolyte-electrode interface contacts at the molecular level, which can offer a continuous and stable Li+ transport pathway, reduce Si particle displacement, and mitigate electrode volume expansion. This further enhances cyclic stability (>500 cycles with 68.1 % capacity retention and >99.8 % Coulombic efficiency). More practically, the 2.0 Ah wave-shaped Si||LiCoO2 soft-pack battery with in-situ cured SHDSE exhibits strongly stabilized electrochemical performance (1.68 Ah after 700 cycles, 86.2 % capacity retention) in spite of a high operating temperatures up to 100 °C and in various bending tests. This represents a groundbreaking report in flexible solid-state soft-pack batteries containing Si anodes.

Steric molecular combing effect enables Self-Healing binder for silicon anodes in Lithium-Ion batteries.

Silicon is a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries with its superior capacity. However, the volume change of the silicon anode seriously affects the electrode integrity and cycle stability. The waterborne guar gum (GG) binder has been regarded as one of the most promising binders for Si anodes. Here, a unique steric molecular combing approach based on guar gum, glycerol, and citric acid is proposed to develop a self-healing binder GGC, which would boost the structural stability of electrode materials. The GGC binder is mainly designed to weaken van der Waals' forces between polymers through the plasticizing effect of glycerol, combing and straightening the guar molecular chain of GG, and exposing the guar hydroxyl sites of GG and the carboxyl groups of citric acid. The condensation reaction between the hydroxyl sites of GG and the carboxyl groups of citric acid forms stronger hydrogen bonds, which can help achieve self-healing effect to cope with the severe volume expansion effect of silicone-based materials. Silicon electrode lithium-ion batteries prepared with GGC binders exhibit outstanding electrochemical performance, with a discharge capacity of up to 1579 mAh/g for 1200 cycles at 1 A/g, providing a high capacity retention rate of 96%. This paper demostrates the great potential of GGC binders in realizing electrochemical performance enhancement of silicon anode.

Gold nanoclusters-based fluorescence sensor array for herbicides qualitative and quantitative analysis.

Herbicides have been extensively used around the world, which poses a potential hazard to humans and wildlife. Accurate detection of herbicides is crucial for the environment and human health. Herein, a simple and sensitive fluorescence sensor array was constructed for discrimination and identification of herbicides. Fluorescent gold nanoclusters modified with 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid or reduced glutathione were prepared, respectively. Metal ions quenched the fluorescence of nanoclusters through coordination and leading to the aggregation of gold nanoclusters. The addition of auxin herbicides (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid, decamba, picloram, quinclorac) restored the fluorescence of nanoclusters with different degrees. The mechanism study showed auxin herbicides can bind with metal ions and re-disperse the gold nanoclusters from the aggregation state. The "on-off-on" fluorescent sensor array was constructed basic on above detection mechanism. Combined with principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) methods, auxin herbicides are well separated on 2D/3D PCA score plots and HCA dendrogram in the range of 40-500 µm. In addition, the fluorescence sensor array performed successful in detecting real samples and blind samples. The developed sensor system shows a promising in practical detection of herbicides.

Cascade-Catalyzed Nanogel for Amplifying Starvation Therapy by Nitric Oxide-Mediated Hypoxia Alleviation.

Glucose oxidase (Gox)-mediated starvation therapy offers a prospective advantage for malignancy treatment by interrupting the glucose supply to neoplastic cells. However, the negative charge of the Gox surface hinders its enrichment in tumor tissues. Furthermore, Gox-mediated starvation therapy infiltrates large amounts of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to surround normal tissues and exacerbate intracellular hypoxia. In this study, a cascade-catalyzed nanogel (A-NE) was developed to boost the antitumor effects of starvation therapy by glucose consumption and cascade reactive release of nitric oxide (NO) to relieve hypoxia. First, the surface cross-linking structure of A-NE can serve as a bioimmobilization for Gox, ensuring Gox stability while improving the encapsulation efficiency. Then, Gox-mediated starvation therapy efficiently inhibited the proliferation of tumor cells while generating large amounts of H2O2. In addition, covalent l-arginine (l-Arg) in A-NE consumed H2O2 derived from glucose decomposition to generate NO, which augmented starvation therapy on metastatic tumors by alleviating tumor hypoxia. Eventually, both in vivo and in vitro studies indicated that nanogels remarkably inhibited in situ tumor growth and hindered metastatic tumor recurrence, offering an alternative possibility for clinical intervention.

The influence of simulated visual impairment on distance stereopsis.

The intricate interrelationships between visual acuity (VA) and stereopsis depend on an array of factors, incorporating the nature of vision impairment, its manifestation (monocular versus binocular), and the classification of stereopsis test symbols used. The objectives of this study were to methodically dissect these multifaceted interactions by simulating a diverse range of vision loss conditions. Thirty medical students with normal vision were subjected to simulated vision loss through opacification and blurring methodologies. Stereopsis was assessed at a distance using both contour-based and random-dot-based symbols under equal binocular and varied monocular VA conditions. In this study, opacification consistently affected stereopsis more than blurring at equivalent VA reductions. However, this difference was absent in contour-based symbols under binocular vision impairment conditions. Significant differences in stereopsis emerged between monocular and binocular vision within the opacification contour-based groups. These differences were less evident in the opacification and blurring groups using random-dot-based patterns. In terms of symbols, the contour-based test demonstrated superior results to the random-dot-based test, particularly under decreased VA. In sum, the method of VA reduction and the choice of stereogram significantly impact distance stereopsis outcomes. This understanding can guide clinical assessments of stereopsis in individuals with varying visual impairments.

A comparative study of stereopsis measurements: analyzing natural conditions versus dichoptic presentation using smartphones and ultraviolet printer technology.

Background: Accurate differentiation between stereopsis assessments in the natural and dichoptic presentation states has proven challenging with commercial stereopsis measurement tools. This study proposes a novel method to delineate these differences more precisely. Methods: We instituted two stereopsis test systems predicated on a pair of 4K smartphones and a modified Frisby Near Stereotest (FNS) version. Stereoacuity was evaluated both in the natural environment state (via the modified FNS) and the dichoptic state (via smartphones). Thirty subjects aged 20 to 28 years participated in the study with the best-corrected visual acuity (VA) of each eye no less than 0 logMAR and stereoauity of no worse than 40″. Varying degrees of monocular VA loss were induced using the fogging method, while this study does not explore conditions where the VA of both eyes is worse than 0 logMAR. Results: When the VA difference between the two eyes did not exceed 0.2 logMAR, the modified FNS produced lower stereoacuity values compared to the 4K smartphones (Wilcoxon signed-rank test: difference = 0 logMAR, Z = -3.879, P < 0.001; difference = 0.1 logMAR, Z = -3.478, P = 0.001; difference = 0.2 logMAR, Z = -3.977, P < 0.001). Conversely, no significant differences were observed when the binocular vision difference exceeded 0.2 logMAR (difference = 0.3 logMAR, Z = -1.880, P = 0.060; difference = 0.4 logMAR, Z = -1.784, P = 0.074; difference = 0.5 logMAR, Z = -1.812, P = 0.070). Conclusion: The findings suggest that stereoacuity values measurements taken in the natural environment state surpass those derived from the dichoptic presentation. However, the observed difference diminishes as stereopsis decreases, corresponding to an increase in induced anisometropia.

Hepatic Stellate Cell-Targeting Micelle Nanomedicine for Early Diagnosis and Treatment of Liver Fibrosis.

Diagnosing and treating liver fibrosis is a challenging yet crucial endeavor due to its complex pathogenesis and risk of deteriorating into cirrhosis, liver failure, and even hepatic cancer. Herein, a silica cross-linked micelles (SCLMs) based nano-system is developed for both diagnosing and treating liver fibrosis. The SCLMs are first modified with peptide CTCE9908 (CT-SCLMs) and can actively target CXCR4, which is overexpressed in activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). To enable diagnosis, an ONOO--responded near-infrared fluorescent probe NOF2 is loaded into the CT-SCLMs. This nano-system can target the aHSCs and diagnose the liver fibrosis particularly in CCl4-induced liver damage, by monitoring the reactive nitrogen species. Furthermore, a step is taken toward treatment by co-encapsulating two anti-fibrosis drugs, silibinin and sorafenib, within the CT-SCLMs. This combined approach results in a significant alleviation of liver injury. Symptoms associated with liver fibrosis, such as deposition of collagen, expression of hydroxyproline, and raised serological indicators show notable improvement. In summary, the CXCR4-targeted nano-system can serve as a promising theragnostic system of early warning and diagnosis for liver fibrosis, offering hope against progression of this serious liver condition.

A High-Efficiency Bioorthogonal Tumor-Membrane Reactor for In Situ Selective and Sustained Prodrug Activation.

The site-specific activation of bioorthogonal prodrugs has provided great opportunities for reducing the severe side effects of chemotherapy. However, the precise control of activation location, sustained drug production at the target site, and high bioorthogonal reaction efficiency in vivo remain great challenges. Here, we propose the construction of tumor cell membrane reactors in vivo to solve the above problems. Specifically, tumor-targeted liposomes with efficient membrane fusion capabilities are generated to install the bioorthogonal trigger, the amphiphilic tetrazine derivative, on the surface of tumor cells. These predecorated tumor cells act as many living reactors, transforming the tumor into a "drug factory" that in situ activates an externally delivered bioorthogonal prodrug, for example intratumorally injected transcyclooctene-caged doxorubicin. In contrast to the rapid elimination of cargo that is encapsulated and delivered by liposomes, these reactors permit stable retention of bioorthogonal triggers in tumor for 96 h after a single dose of liposomes via intravenous injection, allowing sustained generation of doxorubicin. Interestingly, an additional supplement of liposomes will compensate for the trigger consumed by the reaction and significantly improve the efficiency of the local reaction. This strategy provides a solution to the efficacy versus safety dilemma of tumor chemotherapy.

Geochemical properties, heavy metals and soil microbial community during revegetation process in a production Pb-Zn tailings.

Lead-zinc (Pb-Zn) tailings pose a significant environmental threat from heavy metals (HMs) contamination. Revegetation is considered as a green path for HM remediation. However, the interplay between HM transport processes and soil microbial community in Pb-Zn tailings (especially those in production) remain unclear. This study investigated the spatial distribution of HMs as well as the crucial roles of the soil microbial community (i.e., structure, richness, and diversity) during a three-year revegetation of production Pb-Zn tailings in northern Guangdong province, China. Prolonged tailings stockpiling exacerbated Pb contamination, elevating concentrations (from 10.11 to 11.53 g/kg) in long-term weathering. However, revegetation effectively alleviated Pb, reducing its concentrations of 9.81 g/kg. Through 16 S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, the dominant genera shifted from Weissella (44%) to Thiobacillus (17%) and then to Pseudomonas (comprising 44% of the sequences) during the revegetation process. The structural equation model suggested that Pseudomonas, with its potential to transform bioavailable Pb into a more stable form, emerged as a potential Pb remediator. This study provides essential evidence of HMs contamination and microbial community dynamics during Pb-Zn tailings revegetation, contributing to the development of sustainable microbial technologies for tailings management.

Comparison of stereopsis thresholds measured with conventional methods and a new eye tracking method.

PURPOSE: Stereopsis is the ability to perceive depth using the slightly different views from two eyes. This study aims to conduct innovative stereopsis tests using the objective data outputted by eye tracking technology. METHODS: A laptop and an eye tracker were used to establish the test system. Anaglyphic glasses were employed to execute the stereopsis assessment. The test symbol employed was devised to emulate the quantitative measurement component of the Random Dot 3 Stereo Acuity Test. Sub-pixel technology was used to increase the disparity accuracy of test pages. The tested disparities were: 160″, 100″, 63″, 50″, 40″, 32″, 25″, 20″, 16″, and 12.5″. The test was conducted at a distance of 0.65m. Conventional and eye tracking stereopsis assessments were conducted on 120 subjects. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to test the difference, while the Bland-Altman method was used to test the consistency between the two methods. RESULTS: The Wilcoxon signed-rank test showed no significant difference between conventional and eye tracking thresholds of stereopsis (Z = -1.497, P = 0.134). There was a high level of agreement between the two methods using Bland- Altman statistical analysis (The 95 per cent limits of agreement were -0.40 to 0.47 log arcsec). CONCLUSIONS: Stereoacuity can be evaluated utilizing an innovative stereopsis measurement system grounded in eye tracking technology.

Study of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons accumulation in bioretention facilities and its influence on microbial community structure.

Bioretention facilities are one of the most widely used measures for urban stormwater control and utilization. In this study, the accumulation characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in bioretention facilities and the effects of PAHs on the structure of microbial communities were explored by combining on-site monitoring and water distribution simulation experiments. The correlation between pollutant accumulation and dominant microorganisms in the bioretention systems was also clarified. The results showed that all 16 priority PAHs were detected in the bioretention facilities in the sponge city pilot area. The PAH concentrations in the soil during the non-rainy season were higher than those in the rainy season and medium- and high-ring PAHs dominated. PAHs in the study area were mainly derived from coal and biomass combustion. The potential carcinogenic risk of PAHs accumulated in the bioretention facilities in the study area was low. The microbial diversity during the non-rainy season was greater than that during the rainy season. Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Bacteroides, and Massilia were strongly correlated with naphthalene (NAP), pyrene (PYR), fluoranthene (FLT), and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). According to the results of the small-scale water distribution test, the addition of PAHs had little effect on the decline in water quantity, and there was no significant regularity in the reduction of water quality including TP, NH4+-N, NO3-N, and TN. The addition of PAHs had a significant effect on the microbial community structure and an inhibitory effect on enzyme activity.

Reversal of hepatic fibrosis by the co-delivery of drug and ribonucleoprotein-based genome editor.

Liver fibrosis is a chronic disease without effective treatment in the clinic. Gene editing systems such as the well-known CRISPR/Cas9 have shown great potential in the biomedical field. However, the delivery of the ribonucleoprotein is challenging due to the unstable RNA probe and the requirement for the entrance to the nucleus. Recently, a structure-guided endonuclease (SGN) has been reported as an effective gene-editing system composed of a nuclease and stable DNA probes, which can regulate the protein expression by targeting specific mRNA outside the nucleus. Here, we conjugated the SGN to a nanomicelle as the delivery system. In the resulting material, the chance of the collision between the endonuclease and the probe was raised due to the confinement of the two components within the 40-nm nanomicelle, thus the mRNA can be cleaved immediately after being captured by the probe, resulting in a space-induced nucleotide identification-cleavage acceleration effect. The delivery system was used to treat liver fibrosis via the co-delivery of SGN and a drug rosiglitazone to the hepatic stellate cells, which separately downregulated the expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease-1 and inactivated the hepatic stellate cells. The system successfully reversed the liver fibrosis in mice through the bidirectional regulatory that simultaneously promoted the degradation and inhibited the production of the collagen, demonstrating the great potency of the SGN system as gene medicine.

Single/co-adsorption and mechanism of methylene blue and lead by ß-cyclodextrin modified magnetic alginate/biochar.

Due to the high biological toxicity, the concurrent elimination of lead (Pb (II)) and methylene blue (MB) has become a challenging problem. Therefore, a newly ß-cyclodextrin (ß-CD) modified magnetic alginate/biochar (ß-CD@MBCP) material was developed. Comprehensive characterizations proved the successful coating of ß-CD onto MBCP surface by microwave-aided fabrication. The ß-CD@MBCP achieved high-efficiency uptake for contaminants under a wide pH scope. In the dual system, Pb (II) elimination was facilitated with the presence of MB, due to the active sites provided by MB. In the presence of Pb (II), MB uptake was inhibited due to the electrostatic repulsion between positively charged MB and Pb (II). Electrostatic attraction and complexation contributed to capturing Pb (II), while π-π interactions, host-guest effect, and H-bonding were important in MB elimination. After four cycles, ß-CD@MBCP maintained comparatively good renewability. Findings demonstrated that ß-CD@MBCP could be an effective remediation material for Pb (II)/MB adsorption from aqueous environments.

Ga2O3 Quantum Dots with N-Doped Amorphous Carbon Fixed for Efficient Storage and Transfer of Lithium Ions by Introduction of Dopamine Hydrochloride.

The Ga2O3 anode has great potential due to its self-healing and high theoretical capacity in lithium-ion batteries. Like anodes with other transition metal oxides, the Ga2O3 anode has the problems of structural change and low electrical conductivity. The electrochemical performance of the Ga2O3 anode still needs to be improved. In this work, we synthesized a Ga2O3 quantum dots@N-doped carbon (Ga2O3-QD@NC) composite by hydrothermal reaction with a carbon source of dopamine hydrochloride, in which Ga2O3 quantum dots were dispersed in the interior of the amorphous carbon. Such a special structure is conducive to the high-speed migration of lithium ions and electrons and effectively inhibits volume expansion and agglomeration. Smaller and more uniform quantum dots facilitate efficient repair of the structure. Due to these advantages, the Ga2O3-QD@NC electrode has great electrochemical performance. The Ga2O3-QD@NC electrode has an initial discharge capacity of 1580 mAh g-1 with a high first Coulombic efficiency of 62.8% and a cycling capacity of 953 mAh g-1 under 0.1 A g-1. It even has a capacity of 460 mAh g-1 at 1 A g-1 after 300 cycles. This strategy can provide a new direction for the Ga2O3 anode in lithium-ion batteries with high capacity.

Evaluating the relationship between induced aniseikonia and distance stereopsis.

Background: The impact of aniseikonia on stereopsis has been studied for decades, however, inconsistency which may be partly attributed to the method of inducing aniseikonia exists among these findings. This study aimed to induce overall and meridional aniseikonia using a three-dimensional (3D) computer and then evaluate the effect of induced aniseikonia on distance stereopsis using contour-based and random-dot-based patterns. Methods: A 3D laptop was used to produce all of the test symbols. Unlike the usual method of creating aniseikonia with size lenses, which would change not only the size but also the relative position of the test symbols in the two images as seen by the two eyes, a new test system was designed to evaluate the aniseikonia, which only modified the size while maintaining the relative position of the test symbols. This new method reduced the disparities induced by location changing of the paired test targets when inducing aniseikonia. Aniseikonia was induced overall or in one of the meridians. The induced meridional aniseikonia included 180°, 30°, 45°, 60°, and 90°, respectively. The range of induced aniseikonia was 0-30% with an increment of 5%. Results: Overall magnification affected stereopsis more than magnification in any one of the meridians. The stereoacuity differences between oblique meridians (30°, 45°, and 60°) were not significant until the aniseikonia increased up to 20%. The difference between 180°, 45°, and 90° was significant when the aniseikonia increased up to 10% in the contour-based test and over 20% in the random-dot-based test. The stereoacuity trend was improved gradually, coupled with the angle changing from 180º to 90º in the contour-based pattern, and deteriorated gradually in the random-dot-based pattern. Conclusions: Overall aniseikonia affected stereopsis more than meridional aniseikonia. The stereoacuity of the contour-based pattern was superior to that of the random-dot-based pattern in the 90° meridian, while the opposite result was obtained in the 180° meridian.

Silica Cross-Linked Micelle-Based Theranostic System for the Imaging and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Kidney Injury.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and serious disease with high mortality and morbidity, and the persistent inflammatory environment brought about by AKI promotes its deterioration into chronic kidney disease (CKD). An efficient and timely targeted drug delivery to the renal tubules is crucial for AKI treatment. Here, we prepared silica cross-linked micelles (SCLMs) with different sizes and studied their targeting ability to the injured kidney. It is found that the SCLMs with a size of 13 nm could rapidly accumulate and remain in the damaged kidney. Immunofluorescence results confirmed that SCLMs are selectively located in the damaged tubular cells but cannot be found in healthy renal tissue. Therefore, fluorescent dye-labeled SCLMs were used for the imaging of the injured kidney, which could reflect the status of the kidney injury. Furthermore, atorvastatin, an antioxidative and anti-inflammatory drug, was loaded in SCLMs as the therapeutic agents for the treatment of ischemia/reperfusion-induced AKI and CKD. Renal function indexes, such as tubular necrosis, collagen deposition, and inflammation, were effectively improved after the treatment.

Visual Electrochemiluminescence Biosensor Chip Based on Distance Readout for Deoxynivalenol Detection.

Visual electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensors do not need complex instruments or well-trained operators, which is regarded as an ideal choice for portable and low-cost detection. But traditional visual ECL biosensors are based on the change in ECL intensity, which is easily affected by environmental factors and signal acquisition processes. In this work, a visual ECL biosensor chip based on distance readout has been developed for the first time. The chip is composed of a square detection region and a visual channel region, which are modified with graphene oxide (GO) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)@Ti3C2 nanocomposites, respectively. Target molecules can release aptamers adsorbed on the GO surface of the detection region and further change the electrode potential of the visual channel region, which can determine the length of the long channel that generates visible ECL signals. The application of AuNPs@Ti3C2 nanocomposites can effectively enhance ECL intensity by six times. Through the unique design of the sensor chip, quantification detection can be achieved based on the length change instead of the traditional intensity change. This visual ECL sensor is successfully applied for deoxynivalenol toxin detection in actual samples, demonstrating that the introduction of the distance readout strategy into ECL sensing has a good prospect in on-site testing.

Targeting Warburg effect to rescue the suffocated photodynamic therapy: A cancer-specific solution.

The cancer photodynamic therapy (PDT) is limited by a congenital defect, namely the tumor hypoxia. Cancer cells are characterized by the vigorous oxygen-consuming glycolysis, which is well-known as the "Warburg effect" and one of the primary causes for the hypoxia. Herein, we employed the glucose metabolism as the cancer-specific target to enhance the performance of PDT. The Salvianolic acid B as the inhibitor of glucose uptake and aerobic glycolysis was concomitantly delivered with the photosensitizer chlorin e6 by a redox-responsive organosilica cross-linked micelle. The results demonstrated that the Salvianolic acid B suppressed the glucose metabolism, retarded the oxygen consumption to retain adequate oxygen as the ammo for PDT, which remarkably improve the efficacy of PDT both in vitro and in vivo. Our study not only provides an alternative strategy to address the hypoxia problem for PDT, but also enhances the selectivity of the treatment by targeting the cancer-specific Warburg effect.

Process Accumulated 8% Efficient Cu2 ZnSnS4 -BiVO4 Tandem Cell for Solar Hydrogen Evolution with the Dynamic Balance of Solar Energy Storage and Conversion.

A process accumulated record solar to hydrogen (STH) conversion efficiency of 8% is achieved on the Cu2 ZnSnS4 -BiVO4 tandem cell by the synergistic coupling effect of solar thermal and photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting with the dynamic balance of solar energy storage and conversion of the greenhouse system. This is the first report of a Cu2 ZnSnS4 -BiVO4 tandem cell with a high unbiased STH efficiency of over 8% for solar water splitting due to the greenhouse device system. The greenhouse acts as a solar thermal energy storage cell, which absorbs infrared solar light and storage as thermal energy with the solar light illumination time, while thermoelectric device (TD) converts thermal energy into electric power, electric power is also recycled and added onto Cu2 ZnSnS4 -BiVO4 tandem cell for enhanced overall water splitting. Finally, the solar water splitting properties of the TD-Cu2 ZnSnS4 -BiVO4 integrated tandem cell in pure natural seawater are demonstrated, and a champion STH efficiency of 2.46% is presented, while a large area (25 cm2 ) TD-Cu2 ZnSnS4 -BiVO4 integrated tandem device with superior long-term stability is investigated for 1 week, which provides new insight into photoelectrochemical solar water splitting devices.